Calleja Martín, Victoria (2025) Rearming Europe: Non-linear Dynamics and the Future of EU Defence Integration. Bachelor thesis, Global Responsibility & Leadership (GRL).
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Abstract
European defence integration has long been constrained by institutional fragmentation and slow intergovernmental coordination. Recent geopolitical shocks, most notably Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, have disrupted this pattern, creating political urgency and exposing capability gaps. This study examines how two core EU defence instruments, the European Defence Fund (EDF) and Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), have responded under conditions of non-linear politics. Using a comparative case study approach and document analysis, the study finds that the EDF offers supranational financial flexibility but reacts slowly to crisis, while PESCO enables political engagement but lacks binding coordination. The analysis shows that crisis-driven momentum can trigger institutional adaptation, yet structural asymmetries and voluntary participation remain key constraints. Readiness 2030, the EU’s latest defence initiative, emerges as a strategic recalibration that seeks to address these limitations through conditional joint procurement, fiscal flexibility, and aligned defence planning. The findings suggest that non-linear political dynamics can accelerate reform, but long-term effectiveness depends on political commitment and institutional learning. Keywords: non-linear politics, European Defence Fund, PESCO, strategic autonomy, Readiness 2030
| Item Type: | Thesis (Bachelor) |
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| Name supervisor: | Belloir, A.C. |
| Date Deposited: | 05 Jun 2025 10:30 |
| Last Modified: | 05 Jun 2025 10:30 |
| URI: | https://campus-fryslan.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/id/eprint/595 |
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